太田述正コラム#15268（2025.10.23）
＜Morris, Marc『The Anglo-Saxons: A History of the Beginnings of England』を読む（その５）＞（2026.1.17公開）

　「・・・The whole point of the Roman state was to guarantee peace for its citizens with a well-trained army. If that army was absent, or so inadequate that it could not prevent the violent incursions of seaborne raiders, what was the point of paying taxes, or obeying a law that forbade civilians from carrying weapons? Self-defence was synonymous with self-rule. The Britons・・・armed themselves, and ran many risks to ensure their own safety, and freed their cities from attacking barbarians … expelling the Roman magistrates and establishing the government they wanted・・・. This makes the revolt of 409 sound like a great success – plucky little Britannia throwing off Roman rule and beating the barbarians into the bargain.＜（注6）＞

　（注6）E. A. Thompson (“Britain, A.D. 406–410”)・・・suggested that a revolt consisting of dissident peasants, not unlike the Bagaudae of Gaul, also existing in Britain, and when they revolted and expelled the Roman officials, the landowning class then made an appeal for Roman aid. There is no direct textual statement of this, though it might be plausible if the definition of ‘bagaudae’ is changed to fit the circumstances. There is no need to do so, as any number of rational scenarios already fit the circumstances. There is the possibility that some form of bagaudae existed in Britain, but were not necessarily relevant to the events of 409 and 410. The alleged ubiquity of Pelagianism amongst the British population may have contributed to such a movement if it had existed, not to mention large-scale purges amongst the British elite over previous decades.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain
　Bagaudae（バガウダエ）は、「ケルト語で「闘争者」「戦闘的なもの」を意味し、ローマ帝国末期にガリア、イスパニアで起こった民衆運動を総称する。その名は、283年、北ガリアの、原住民の共同体が残っていたアルモリカ地方で、ローマ支配下で没落させられ＜、＞・・・＜また、＞土地緊縛が強化され＜つつあることに反撥し＞・・・ていた農民や牧人が蜂起(ほうき)し、アマンダスとアエリアヌスを指導者として独立政権をつくり、自ら「バガウダエ」と名のったことに基づく。このとき、皇帝ディオクレティアヌスは、共同統治者マクシミアヌスを派遣して、４年後にようやく蜂起を鎮圧した。ドミナトゥス体制下の徴税強化のなかで、５世紀には運動が激化し持続的になった。407年のアルモリカ地方を中心とする独立政権の10年間の抵抗、435年のティバトを首領とする独立政権の成立など、運動は断続的に451年まで続いた。この運動には小農民、コロヌス、奴隷のほかに、南ガリアからも重税からの自由を求めて貧困化した民衆が参加した。動きは、さらにイスパニアのタラコネンシス地方にも広がった。ローマは、これらの運動を鎮圧するため、進入したゲルマン人に土地を与えて援助を求めたが、かえって属州での支配力を弱め、その没落を早めた。」
https://kotobank.jp/word/%E3%81%B0%E3%81%8C%E3%81%86%E3%81%A0%E3%81%88-3164079

　In fact, this was the event that tipped the province over the precipice. Once its economic and political links with the empire were severed, Britain went into free fall. The archaeological record, previously so abundant, becomes almost undetectably thin. Good quality pottery vanishes, as do everyday items of ironmongery such as nails. Their sudden disappearance indicates not only that these industries had failed soon after 410, but that within a generation the villas and towns of Roman Britain had been almost completely abandoned. The implication of this data is unavoidable: society had collapsed. It was・・・probably the most dramatic period of social and economic collapse in British history・・・.・・・」（21）

⇒ローマが去ったのではなく、ブリトン人がローマを追放した、という説が有力になってきているようであるところ、ペラギウス主義が当時ブリトン人に普及していてそれが彼らにアイデンティティを与えていたが故にこの主義がローマ追放の「思想」を提供した可能性があることが指摘されるようになっているのですね。（太田）

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