太田述正コラム#13616(2023.7.20)
<宮野裕『「ロシア」は、いかにして生まれたか』を読む(その29)>(2023.10.15公開)

「しかし、直接の支援行為よりも注目すべきは、全ルーシの府主教が有した全ルーシ地域への宗教的監督権でしょう。
 監督権の代表が、端的に言えば「人事権」、とりわけ主教を任じたり、罷免したりする権利でした(厳密には権利ではないのですが、事実上は権利と言えるでしょう)。
 主教座の改廃も原則として府主教が行ったわけですから、全ルーシ府主教は居住地をモスクワに移したのちにも(北東ルーシだけでなく)タタール支配下、あるいはリトアニア支配下の正教会にあったキエフなど南西地域にも大きな影響力を有しつづけたのです。・・・
 その一方で、<これらの地域に>一体性があるとする主張は、世俗の文献や世俗の出来事を扱う教会文献には長い間現れませんでした。


[その後のモスクワ大公/ロシア皇帝と正教の関係]

‘In 1439, at the Council of Florence<(注54)>, some Orthodox hierarchs from Byzantium as well as Metropolitan Isidore, who represented the Russian Church, signed a union with the Roman Church, whereby the Eastern Church would recognise the primacy of the Pope.

 (注54)「この公会議によってアルメニア教会の一部がローマ・カトリック教会と合同し、アルメニア典礼カトリック教会が成立するという一応の成果がカトリック教会にもたらされた。・・・
 この公会議では会期の前後にイタリアにギリシアから知識人が亡命したり、ギリシア語文献が伝えられ、ルネサンス思想に大きな影響を与えることになった。フィレンツェの人文主義者は当時プラトン哲学など、古代ギリシアの文献に注目していたが、ほとんどギリシア語を読めなかった。一方、ビザンツ帝国はギリシア語が公用語で、当時「パレオロゴス朝ルネサンス」と呼ばれる古代ギリシア語研究が盛んな時期でもあった。公会議にはビザンツ帝国から多くの知識人が参加したため、フィレンツェでは彼らを歓迎し、多くの知識を学んだ。」
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%84%E3%82%A7%E5%85%AC%E4%BC%9A%E8%AD%B0

 However, the Moscow Prince Vasili II rejected the act of the Council of Florence brought to Moscow by Isidore in March 1441. Isidore was in the same year removed from his position as an apostate and expelled from Moscow. The Russian metropolitanate remained effectively vacant for the next few years due largely to the dominance of Uniates in Constantinople then. In December 1448, Jonas, a Russian bishop, was installed by the Council of Russian bishops in Moscow as Metropolitan of Kiev and All Russia (with permanent residence in Moscow) without the consent from Constantinople. This occurred five years prior to the fall of Constantinople in 1453 and, unintentionally, signified the beginning of an effectively independent church structure in the Moscow (North-Eastern Russian) part of the Russian Church.
 Subsequently, there developed a theory in Moscow that saw Moscow as the Third Rome, the legitimate successor to Constantinople, and the Primate of the Moscow Church as head of all the Russian Church.

⇒東北ロシアの正教会は、1448年に、事実上、コンスタンティノープルから独立し、その後、モスクワ大公国の第三のローマ視がなされるようになると共に、モスクワ主教が旧ルーシ諸公国の正教全体の長であるとの観念が生まれたわけだ。(太田)

 Meanwhile, the newly established in 1458 Russian Orthodox (initially Uniate) metropolitanate in Kiev (then in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and subsequently in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) continued under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical See until 1686, when it was provisionally transferred to the jurisdiction of Moscow.・・・

⇒しかし、この観念が事実上実現したのは、ようやく、1686年の段階だった。
 それを実現させたのは、フョードル3世の同母弟のイヴァン5世とその共同統治者たる異母弟のピョートル1世、の摂政であったソフィア・アレクセーエヴナ(1657~1704年。摂政:1682~1689年)
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B4%E3%83%8A
だった。(太田)

 Peter the Great (1682–1725) had an agenda of radical modernization of Russian government, army, dress and manners. He made Russia a formidable political power. Peter was not religious and had a low regard for the Church, so he put it under tight governmental control. He replaced the Patriarch with a Holy Synod, which he controlled. The Tsar appointed all bishops. A clerical career was not a route chosen by upper-class society. Most parish priests were sons of priests, were very poorly educated, and very poorly paid. The monks in the monasteries had a slightly higher status; they were not allowed to marry. Politically, the church was impotent. Catherine the Great later in the 18th century seized most of the church lands, and put the priests on a small salary supplemented by fees for services such as baptism and marriage.

⇒しかし、その後、ビョートル1世(大帝)によって府教主のロシア正教内の地位は低下させられ、ロシア正教それ自体も、政治への影響力を奪われ、更に、エカテリーナ大帝によって冠婚葬祭の儀式を行うだけの存在に貶められ、ロシア正教はロシア帝国に完全に従属する存在に堕してしまう。(太田)

 In the aftermath of the・・・1654・・・Treaty of Pereyaslav<(注55)>, the Ottomans (supposedly acting on behalf of the Russian regent Sophia Alekseyevna) pressured the Patriarch of Constantinople into transferring the Metropolitan of Kiev and all Rus’ from the jurisdiction of Constantinople to that of Moscow.

 (注55)’The Pereyaslav Treaty secured military protection for the Cossack Hetmanate in exchange for an oath of allegiance to the Tsar from the Cossacks, church members and inhabitants of the Hetmanate. It was a political union that bound much of eastern Ukraine and Kyiv to Russia, yet it remained part of Poland until it officially ceded Kyiv in the Russo-Polish war. The Cossacks were allowed to keep their state autonomy, and the Metropolitan of Kyiv would report to Constantinople rather than to Moscow. As a political union, the Sich (military and political center) couldn’t pursue their own foreign policy as Russia acted on its behalf; Ukraine was independent, but not entirely.’
https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/08/03/explainer-what-was-the-1654-treaty-of-pereyaslav-a78491

 The handover brought millions of faithful and half a dozen dioceses under the ultimate administrative care of the Patriarch of Moscow and all Rus’ (and later of the Holy Synod of Russia), leading to the significant Ukrainian presence in the Russian Church, which continued well into the 18th century・・・. The exact terms and conditions of the handover of the Kiev Metropolis are a contested issue.
 In 1700, after Patriarch Adrian’s death, Peter the Great prevented a successor from being named, and in 1721, following the advice of Theophan Prokopovich, Archbishop of Pskov, the Holy and Supreme Synod was established under Archbishop Stephen Yavorsky to govern the church instead of a single primate. This was the situation until shortly after the Russian Revolution of 1917<.>’

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church

 ところが、14世紀後半頃から状況は変わりはじめ、イヴァン3世の時代に世俗文献においても具体的な形を取ることになりました。
 その萌芽は1380年のクリコヴォの戦いを描いた物語『ドン川での大会戦について』のなかに現れています。・・・
 そこでドミトリー・ドンスコイは「自分の財産、聖なる教会、真の正教と全ルーシの地のために」戦ったと記されています。
 また、ドミトリー・ドンスコイの死(1389年)の直後には、彼の『生涯』(聖者伝)が作成されましたが、そこでは亡きドミトリー公の血筋がキエフ公から辿られることになりました。」(137,141)

(続く)